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Brain tumors are abnormal growths of cells within the brain or central nervous system and can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They may originate in the brain itself, known as primary brain tumors, or spread from other parts of the body, referred to as metastatic brain tumors. These tumors can affect vital brain functions depending on their size, type, and location.

Common symptoms include persistent headaches, seizures, vision or speech difficulties, memory problems, personality changes, nausea, and weakness in limbs. Symptoms often develop gradually but may worsen as the tumor grows and increases pressure inside the skull. Risk factors include genetic conditions, exposure to high-dose radiation, and family history, though many cases have no identifiable cause.

Diagnosis typically involves neurological examination, imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, and sometimes biopsy to determine tumor type and grade. Treatment options depend on the tumor’s nature, location, and patient health. Surgery aims to remove as much of the tumor as safely possible, while radiation therapy and chemotherapy help control remaining cancer cells. Advanced treatments, including targeted therapy and immunotherapy, are improving outcomes. Early diagnosis and specialized neuro-oncology care are essential for effective management and improved quality of life.