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Liver canceris a malignant growth that starts in the liver cells, most commonly as hepatocellular carcinoma, and can seriously affect digestion, metabolism, and detoxification functions of the body. Early diagnosis and timely treatment significantly improve survival and quality of life.?

Liver cancer often develops in a chronically damaged liver, especially in people with long-standing hepatitis B or C infection, alcoholic liver disease, or metabolic-associated fatty liver disease linked to obesity and diabetes. Additional risk factors include cirrhosis of any cause, hereditary iron overload (haemochromatosis), and exposure to aflatoxin-contaminated foods.?

Symptoms may be absent in early stages, but patients can develop fatigue, unintentional weight loss, upper right abdominal pain, abdominal swelling, loss of appetite, and jaundice as the disease advances. Some people also notice a hard lump under the right rib cage, nausea, or easy bruising, which requires prompt medical evaluation.?

Diagnosis typically involves blood tests, imaging such as ultrasound, CT, or MRI, and sometimes a biopsy to confirm cancer type and stage. Treatment options include surgical resection, liver transplantation, local ablation, transarterial chemoembolisation, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy depending on tumour size, number, spread, and liver function reserve.?