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Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide and develops from abnormal cell growth within the lungs. It is broadly classified into non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, each requiring distinct diagnostic and treatment approaches. Smoking remains the most significant risk factor, although lung cancer can also occur in non-smokers due to environmental exposure and genetic susceptibility.

Symptoms of lung cancer may include persistent cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, unexplained weight loss, coughing up blood, and recurrent respiratory infections. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as chest X-rays, CT scans, PET scans, and tissue biopsy to confirm cancer type and stage. Molecular testing is increasingly important to identify genetic mutations that influence treatment selection.

Treatment depends on cancer stage, histology, and molecular profile. Early-stage lung cancer may be managed with surgery followed by adjuvant therapy. Advanced disease often requires systemic treatments including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Radiation therapy is frequently used for local control and symptom relief.

Advances in precision medicine, immunotherapy, and supportive care have significantly improved outcomes for lung cancer patients. Early diagnosis, smoking cessation, and access to multidisciplinary care remain critical for improving survival and quality of life.