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Solid tumors are abnormal growths of cells that form masses within organs, tissues, or structures of the body. Unlike blood-related cancers, solid tumors develop in localized areas such as the breast, lung, brain, liver, colon, prostate, or bones. These tumors may be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), with malignant solid tumors having the potential to invade nearby tissues and spread to distant organs through metastasis.

Accurate diagnosis of solid tumors involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies such as CT scans, MRI, PET scans, and confirmatory tissue biopsy. Advanced molecular and genetic testing further helps identify specific mutations, allowing clinicians to classify tumors more precisely and select targeted treatment strategies.

Treatment of solid tumors depends on tumor type, size, stage, and overall patient health. Surgery is often the primary treatment for localized tumors, aiming for complete removal of cancerous tissue. Medical oncology plays a vital role through chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and hormonal therapy, either before or after surgery, or as primary treatment in advanced cases. Radiation therapy may also be used to control tumor growth or relieve symptoms.

With advancements in personalized medicine and multidisciplinary care, outcomes for patients with solid tumors continue to improve, emphasizing both survival and quality of life.