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Access site infection is a common complication in patients undergoing hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis where the vascular or catheter access site becomes infected. It often occurs at the arteriovenous (AV) fistula, graft, or catheter insertion site. Typical signs include redness, swelling, warmth, purulent discharge, and pain around the access area. Fever and chills may accompany these symptoms if the infection spreads systemically. The most frequent causative organisms are Staphylococcus species, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), due to skin flora contamination during access handling. Early detection is crucial to prevent complications like bloodstream infections, which can lead to sepsis and increased mortality.

Diagnosis involves clinical examination, culture of discharge if present, and blood cultures if systemic signs are noted. Treatment usually begins with empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics, later tailored based on culture results. In some cases, removal of the infected catheter or surgical intervention may be necessary, especially with persistent bacteremia or infections caused by resistant organisms. Preventive measures include strict aseptic techniques during access use, proper hand hygiene, and regular monitoring for early signs of infection. Patients are advised to inspect their access sites daily and report any abnormalities to healthcare providers promptly. This vigilance helps reduce infection-related complications and maintain successful dialysis therapy.