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Peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis is a serious infection of the peritoneum, the lining of the abdominal cavity, which occurs when bacteria enter through the dialysis catheter. It is a common and potentially life-threatening complication for patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, fever, nausea, vomiting, and cloudy dialysis fluid often containing white flecks or clumps. The infection results from contamination during dialysis exchange or poor catheter care. Diagnosis is confirmed by testing the dialysis fluid for white blood cells and bacterial cultures.

Treatment involves prompt administration of antibiotics, usually delivered directly into the dialysis fluid to target the infection efficiently. In severe or recurrent cases, hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics may be necessary. Sometimes, temporary switching to hemodialysis is required if peritoneal dialysis is ineffective or the infection persists. Preventive measures include maintaining strict hygiene of the catheter exit site and proper handling of dialysis equipment. Early recognition and treatment are vital to prevent complications such as fibrosis of the peritoneum, which can reduce dialysis effectiveness, and sepsis, a life-threatening systemic infection. With appropriate management and care, most patients recover fully from peritonitis related to peritoneal dialysis.