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Infections of the kidney, commonly referred to as pyelonephritis, are serious bacterial infections that affect the renal pelvis and kidney tissue. They usually occur when bacteria, most often Escherichia coli, ascend from the lower urinary tract or bladder into the kidneys. Less commonly, the infection may spread through the bloodstream from other parts of the body.

Acute pyelonephritis presents with symptoms such as high fever, flank pain, chills, nausea, vomiting, and frequent or painful urination. In severe cases, patients may experience confusion or sepsis, especially in the elderly or immunocompromised individuals. Chronic or recurrent infections can lead to scarring, reduced kidney function, and eventually chronic kidney disease.

Diagnosis is made through urine culture, urinalysis, blood tests, and imaging such as ultrasound or CT scan to assess inflammation or obstruction. Treatment involves prompt antibiotic therapy, adequate hydration, and management of any underlying conditions such as urinary tract obstruction or kidney stones.

Preventive measures include maintaining good hygiene, proper hydration, and early treatment of lower urinary tract infections. Timely management is crucial to prevent complications like renal abscesses, septicemia, or irreversible kidney damage, ensuring the preservation of renal function and overall health.