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Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis) are hard crystalline structures that form inside the kidneys from substances present in urine, most commonly calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate. These stones can remain silent if small but frequently cause symptoms when they obstruct urinary flow or move into the ureter. Typical symptoms include acute, severe flank pain (renal colic), which may radiate to the groin or lower abdomen, along with nausea, vomiting, and hematuria (blood in urine). Larger stones may block the flow of urine, leading to infection, fever, chills, or potentially impaired kidney function.

Risk factors involve dehydration, dietary factors, obesity, metabolic abnormalities, family history, and certain medications. Diagnosis is typically achieved using imaging studies such as non-contrast CT scans or ultrasounds. Management aims to relieve symptoms, remove stones through medical or surgical interventions, and prevent recurrence by addressing underlying risk factors and monitoring through urine tests. Preventive strategies often include increased hydration and dietary modifications to reduce risk of future stone formation.?