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Medullary Sponge Kidney (MSK) is a rare congenital condition that affects the tubules of the kidneys, especially the collecting ducts in the medulla. When this happens, the ducts grow bigger and develop little cysts, which makes the kidneys look like sponges. Although the precise aetiology is not fully understood, MSK is thought to result from developmental anomalies occurring during foetal renal development.

Many people with MSK don't have any symptoms, and doctors find out they have it by accident when they are getting imaging for other problems. But some people may have kidney stones that come back, urinary tract infections (UTIs), blood in the urine (haematuria), or pain in the side. In most cases, the condition doesn't get worse over time, but it can cause long-term pain because stones grow often.

Imaging tests like intravenous pyelography, CT scans, or ultrasounds usually help confirm the diagnosis by revealing the cystic issues in the medulla that are common for this condition. The goal of treatment is to control symptoms, stop stones from forming, and treat infections. The procedure entails augmenting fluid consumption, altering food habits, and using drugs that mitigate calcium accumulation.
Most people with Medullary Sponge Kidney can keep their kidneys working normally and live a healthy life with the right care and changes to their lifestyle. For long-term care, it is best to see a nephrologist on a regular basis.