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Vascular kidney diseases, also known as renal vascular diseases, involve disorders affecting the blood vessels that supply and drain the kidneys. These conditions disrupt blood flow, leading to hypertension, kidney tissue damage, and even renal failure. Common types include renal artery stenosis, which is the narrowing of renal arteries often caused by atherosclerosis; renal vein thrombosis, where a blood clot forms in the renal vein; and renal artery aneurysm, a bulging weakness in an arterial wall. Another form, atheroembolic renal disease, occurs when cholesterol plaques from larger arteries block smaller renal vessels, reducing kidney blood flow.

These disorders are closely linked with high blood pressure since reduced blood flow triggers renin overproduction, raising systemic pressure. Contributing risk factors include smoking, diabetes, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. Early diagnosis through Doppler ultrasound, CT angiography, or MRI is crucial for prevention of irreversible kidney damage. Treatment may involve controlling blood pressure, using anticoagulants, or performing angioplasty depending on the severity.