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Conditions affecting kidney tubules and surrounding tissues, known as tubulointerstitial diseases, involve inflammation and structural damage within the renal tubules and the interstitium — the connective tissue between them. These disorders interfere with proper filtration, reabsorption, and waste removal, impairing kidney function. Major causes include allergies to medications such as antibiotics and NSAIDs, infections, autoimmune diseases like lupus and Sjögren’s syndrome, and prolonged toxin or heavy metal exposure. Acute cases develop rapidly, often due to drug reactions or infections, while chronic forms progress gradually, resulting in fibrosis and kidney scarring.

Symptoms include fatigue, nausea, flank pain, swelling, and reduced urine output. Diagnosis is based on blood and urine tests, imaging, and sometimes kidney biopsy to confirm inflammation and tissue fibrosis. Management depends on removing the underlying cause, corticosteroid therapy for immune-mediated inflammation, and supportive renal care to maintain function. Early treatment helps prevent progression to chronic kidney disease and renal failure.?