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Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a kidney disorder that leads to scarring in certain sections (segmental) of some glomeruli (focal), the tiny filtering units of the kidney. The condition disrupts normal filtration, causing protein leakage into the urine (proteinuria), swelling (edema), and sometimes nephrotic syndrome. FSGS is categorized into primary, secondary, and genetic types. Primary FSGS develops without an identifiable cause, secondary FSGS occurs due to conditions like obesity, diabetes, infections, or drug toxicity, and the genetic type results from inherited mutations. Diagnosis typically involves urine and blood tests, genetic analysis, and kidney biopsy.

Treatment focuses on controlling symptoms, slowing kidney damage, and reducing protein loss. Therapies often include corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, ACE inhibitors or ARBs, diuretics, and dietary modifications like salt and protein restriction. Although FSGS can lead to chronic kidney disease or failure, early detection, and tailored treatment can help preserve kidney function and improve quality of life. Regular monitoring and managing underlying conditions are vital to prevent progression of the disease.?