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Membranous Nephropathy (MN) is a chronic autoimmune kidney disorder and a common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults, characterized by excessive protein loss in the urine and swelling of the body. It occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the glomeruli, the tiny filtering units of the kidneys, leading to thickening of the glomerular basement membrane. MN is classified as primary when no underlying cause is found and secondary when triggered by conditions such as lupus, hepatitis B or C infection, cancer, or certain medications.

In most primary cases, antibodies against the phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) are detected. Patients may experience symptoms like foamy urine, leg swelling, and fatigue. Diagnosis typically involves urine and blood tests followed by a kidney biopsy. Treatment depends on disease severity, ranging from conservative management with blood pressure and cholesterol control to immunosuppressive therapy using corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, or rituximab. While some patients recover spontaneously, others may progress to chronic kidney disease or kidney failure if left untreated.?