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 EGFR-mutated lung cancer is a kind of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that is caused by changes in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene. These mutations make the EGFR protein work in strange ways, which leads to uncontrolled cell growth and tumour growth. They are more common in women, people of Asian heritage, and people who don't smoke.

Exon 19 deletions and exon 21 L858R replacements are two of the most common EGFR mutations. Specific molecular tests, commonly performed on tumour tissue or liquid biopsies, are necessary to identify these changes. Finding the mutation is important because it decides who can receive targeted medicines like osimertinib, erlotinib, or gefitinib, which are tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). These medications stop EGFR signalling from working too much, which slows the disease's growth and often helps people live longer.

However, resistance to EGFR-targeted therapy can occur, typically due to secondary mutations such as T790M. Next-generation TKIs or combination therapies may be employed in certain situations. Studies are still looking at new ways to overcome around resistance and improve results.

EGFR mutation-driven lung cancer treatment is an example of precision oncology since it focuses on the cancer's molecular profile and provides patients treatments that are specific to their disease's genetics.