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 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) is a set of rare genetic diseases that cause tumours to grow in more than one endocrine gland. Different genetic mutations lead to the two main forms, MEN1 and MEN2, each affecting distinct glandular systems.

Changes in the MEN1 gene lead to MEN1, which typically causes tumours in the parathyroid glands (leading to hyperparathyroidism), the pituitary gland (causing prolactinomas or other hormone-producing tumours), and the pancreas (like gastrinomas or insulinomas). These tumours can be either benign or cancerous, and they often cause the body to make too many hormones, which can lead to a lot of different clinical symptoms.
On the other hand, changes in the RET proto-oncogene induce MEN2, which manifests in two forms: MEN2A and MEN2B. Both types are associated with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), adrenal gland tumours (pheochromocytomas), and, in MEN2A, an enlarged parathyroid gland. MEN2B may also include mucosal neuromas and a body shape that looks like a marfanoid.
Early genetic testing and regular screenings are very important for getting treatment on time, since many of these tumours can be deadly if not addressed. Doctors may recommend prophylactic operations, such as thyroidectomy, for people with RET mutations.