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Starting in the ovaries—the female reproductive glands in charge of generating hormones and eggs—ovarian cancer affects Often referred to as a "silent killer,", symptoms are usually nebulous and undetectable until the disease advances to later phases. Typical early symptoms are changes in appetite or bowel habits, pelvic pain, frequent urination, and stomach bloating.
There are several types of ovarian cancer, with epithelial ovarian carcinoma being the most common. Age (particularly post-menopausal), family history of ovarian or breast cancer, genetic mutations including BRCA1 and BRCA2, and disorders such as endometriosis comprise risk factors.
The diagnosis calls for pelvic exams, ultrasounds, CT scans, blood tests—including a CA-125 tumour marker—and occasionally surgical biopsy. Early diagnosis is difficult; thus, many cases are found at a late stage when the disease has progressed outside the ovaries.
Usually, treatment consists of chemotherapy after surgery to remove the tumour and damaged tissue. Clinical studies also look at more modern immunotherapies and focused treatments.
Early detection of ovarian cancer depends critically on regular visits, genetic counselling for those at high risk, and awareness of symptoms. Many women can reach long-term remission and have normal lives with fast and efficient therapy.