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 Esophageal cancer, a malignant tumour, develops in the oesophagus, which is the long, hollow tube connecting the throat to the stomach. There are primarily two types of esophageal cancer: squamous cell carcinoma, which usually occurs in the upper and middle sections, and adenocarcinoma, which frequently appears in the lower oesophagus, close to the stomach.

The important risk factors for esophageal cancer include chronic acid reflux (GERD), Barrett's oesophagus, tobacco and alcohol use, obesity, a diet low in fruits and vegetables, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Men are more often afflicted than women, especially those over the age of fifty.
Early on with esophageal cancer, there generally are no signs. Common symptoms of the illness include dysphagia, or trouble swallowing; unintentional weight loss; chest pain; frequent heartburn; hoarseness; or chronic cough as it advances.
Diagnosis calls for advanced imaging using CT, PET-CT, or endoscopic ultrasonic waves in addition to upper endoscopy with biopsy and a barium swallow. The stage of the cancer determines the course of treatment; it may call for surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or more recent techniques such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy.
Improved survival depends on early diagnosis. Early diagnosis and prevention can benefit from changes in lifestyle and quick examination of ongoing swallowing problems.