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Rare but severe, Addison's disease—also known as primary adrenal insufficiency—is caused by adrenal glands failing to generate enough of important hormones, including cortisol and aldosterone.  Often from autoimmune destruction, injured adrenal glands cannot supply the body's hormonal needs.
Usually developing gradually, symptoms may include low blood pressure, weight loss, muscle weakness, chronic tiredness, and loss of appetite. One unique characteristic of the darkening of the skin is mainly in skin creases or scars. Some people get salt cravings, anxiety, nausea, and dizziness. Untreated, it may cause an Addisonian crisis—a life-threatening condition marked by extreme pain, vomiting, low blood pressure, and loss of consciousness.
Usually, diagnosis consists of imaging of the adrenal glands and blood testing to check hormone levels. Treatment consists of lifelong hormone replacement therapy, mostly with corticosteroids such as hydrocortisone or prednisone and occasionally fludrocortisone, to control salt and water balance.
Those with Addison's disease can lead active, healthy lives with quick diagnosis and appropriate treatment. To avoid crises during illness or surgery, regular monitoring and stress-dose changes are absolutely vital.