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A progressive lung disorder, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) makes breathing difficult. It mostly covers two basic disorders: emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Long-term inflammation of the bronchial passages characterises chronic bronchitis, which causes mucus production and ongoing coughing. Emphysema reduces lung surface area for gas exchange by destroying the alveoli, or air sacs; therefore, it produces shortness of breath.
Long-term irritant exposure—that from cigarettes, air pollution, chemical fumes, or dust—is the most often occurring cause of COPD. It advances slowly, and symptoms usually show up following major lung injury. Typical symptoms are coughing constantly, wheezing, dyspnoea, chest tightness, and regular respiratory infections.
Although COPD cannot be cured, early diagnosis and correct treatment can greatly enhance quality of life. Among the available treatments are bronchodilators, corticosteroids, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle modifications, including stopping smoking and maintaining physical activity. Severe situations could call for surgery.
Preventing COPD is mostly about avoiding lung irritants, particularly tobacco smoke. Those with COPD can control symptoms, lower flare-ups, and over time preserve greater lung function with appropriate treatment.