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Seasonal Affective Disorder(SAD) is a type of mood disorder in which depressive symptoms occur during specific seasons of the year and improve during other periods. It most commonly begins in fall or winter, although some people experience symptoms during spring or summer. Changes in daylight exposure may influence the body's biological clock, sleep patterns, serotonin activity, and melatonin production, potentially contributing to seasonal mood changes.

Winter-pattern SAD may cause persistent sadness, loss of interest in usual activities, low energy, increased sleep, difficulty concentrating, social withdrawal, and changes in appetite, often with increased cravings for carbohydrates. Summer-pattern SAD may involve anxiety, agitation, insomnia, reduced appetite, and irritability.

SAD can affect work, education, relationships, and everyday responsibilities. Risk may be influenced by family history, previous mood disorders, geographic location, and individual sensitivity to seasonal changes. Diagnosis involves reviewing symptoms, their seasonal pattern, duration, severity, and overall impact while considering other possible causes.

Treatment depends on the person's symptoms and may include psychotherapy, medication, lifestyle changes, and bright light therapy, particularly for winter-pattern SAD. Maintaining regular sleep, staying physically active, spending time outdoors during daylight, and following a consistent daily routine may also provide support. Recognizing recurring seasonal symptoms early can encourage timely professional evaluation and treatment, helping individuals manage mood changes and maintain healthier functioning throughout the year.