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Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome (HUS) is a serious blood disorder characterised by the combination of microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), and acute kidney injury. It most commonly affects young children and often develops after a gastrointestinal infection caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), although atypical forms can result from genetic abnormalities affecting the complement system or certain medications.

The condition begins with the destruction of red blood cells as they pass through damaged small blood vessels. Platelets are consumed during clot formation, leading to reduced platelet counts, while the kidneys become injured due to impaired blood flow and clot deposition. Symptoms may include bloody diarrhoea, abdominal pain, vomiting, fatigue, pale skin, reduced urine output, swelling, bruising, and high blood pressure. Severe cases may involve neurological complications such as seizures or confusion.

Diagnosis is based on blood tests showing haemolytic anaemia, fragmented red blood cells (schistocytes), low platelet counts, elevated creatinine levels, and urine abnormalities. Treatment focuses on supportive care, including intravenous fluids, blood transfusions when necessary, blood pressure control, and dialysis for severe kidney failure. Patients with atypical HUS may benefit from complement inhibitor therapy such as eculizumab.

Early recognition and prompt medical management greatly improve outcomes, although long-term kidney monitoring is recommended because some patients may develop persistent renal impairment or hypertension.