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Haemolytic Transfusion Reactions are serious complications that occur when transfused red blood cells are rapidly destroyed by the recipient’s immune system. They are most commonly caused by ABO blood group incompatibility resulting from identification or laboratory errors, although antibodies against other blood group antigens may also trigger the reaction. These reactions are classified as acute or delayed depending on when symptoms develop. Acute haemolytic transfusion reactions usually occur during or within 24 hours of transfusion and represent a medical emergency.

Patients may experience fever, chills, flushing, chest pain, back pain, shortness of breath, low blood pressure, dark urine, or a feeling of impending doom. Severe cases can progress to kidney injury, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), shock, and even death if not treated promptly. Immediate discontinuation of the transfusion, supportive care with intravenous fluids, and laboratory investigations are essential to confirm the diagnosis and prevent further complications.

Preventing haemolytic transfusion reactions relies on strict patient identification, accurate blood grouping, crossmatching, antibody screening, and adherence to transfusion safety protocols. Modern blood banking practices have significantly reduced their incidence, but vigilance remains crucial. Early recognition, rapid medical intervention, and thorough investigation help improve patient outcomes while ensuring that blood transfusions continue to be a safe and effective treatment for patients requiring blood replacement therapy.