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Paediatric thalassaemia is a hereditary blood disorder that affects the body's ability to produce normal haemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen. The condition is inherited from one or both parents and is classified mainly as alpha or beta thalassaemia. Children with severe forms, particularly thalassaemia major, often develop symptoms during infancy or early childhood and require ongoing medical care.

Common symptoms include persistent anaemia, fatigue, pale skin, poor appetite, delayed growth, enlarged spleen, jaundice, and characteristic bone changes caused by increased bone marrow activity. Without appropriate treatment, the disorder can lead to serious complications involving the heart, liver, bones, and endocrine system.

Diagnosis involves a complete blood count (CBC), haemoglobin electrophoresis, genetic testing, and iron studies to confirm the condition and distinguish it from other causes of anaemia. Early diagnosis enables timely treatment and improved long-term outcomes.

Management depends on disease severity and may include regular blood transfusions, iron chelation therapy to prevent iron overload, folic acid supplementation, and careful monitoring for complications. In selected cases, stem cell transplantation may offer a potential cure. Comprehensive care provided by paediatric haematology specialists, combined with family education, nutritional support, and regular follow-up, helps children maintain better health, growth, and quality of life.