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Copper deficiency is an uncommon nutritional disorder that occurs when the body does not have enough copper to support essential biological functions. Copper is a vital trace mineral involved in red and white blood cell production, iron metabolism, energy generation, connective tissue formation, and normal nervous system function. Although rare, deficiency can lead to significant health problems if left untreated.

Common causes include malabsorption disorders such as celiac disease or inflammatory bowel disease, previous gastric or bariatric surgery, prolonged intravenous nutrition without adequate supplementation, excessive zinc intake, and certain inherited metabolic conditions. Inadequate dietary intake is less common but may contribute in high-risk individuals.

Symptoms often develop gradually and may include fatigue, weakness, pale skin, frequent infections, numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, difficulty walking, poor balance, and reduced muscle strength. Blood abnormalities such as anemia and neutropenia are common, while prolonged deficiency may result in irreversible neurological damage.

Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure serum copper and ceruloplasmin levels, along with a complete blood count and assessment of nutritional status. Additional investigations may identify the underlying cause.

Treatment focuses on copper supplementation, correcting dietary deficiencies, reducing excessive zinc intake if present, and managing underlying gastrointestinal disorders. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment can reverse blood abnormalities, improve neurological symptoms, strengthen immunity, and prevent long-term complications associated with copper deficiency.