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Folate deficiency is a condition in which the body lacks sufficient folate (vitamin B9), an essential nutrient required for DNA synthesis, cell division, and the production of healthy red blood cells. Because rapidly dividing cells depend on folate, a deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia and affect normal tissue growth and repair. Pregnant women have increased folate requirements, making adequate intake especially important for fetal development.

Common causes include inadequate dietary intake, excessive alcohol consumption, malabsorption disorders such as celiac disease, certain medications, increased nutritional needs during pregnancy, and chronic illnesses. A diet low in leafy green vegetables, legumes, citrus fruits, and fortified grains can also contribute to deficiency.

Symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, irritability, poor concentration, mouth ulcers, sore tongue, and reduced appetite. In pregnancy, folate deficiency increases the risk of neural tube defects in the developing baby.

Diagnosis is confirmed through blood tests that evaluate complete blood count, folate levels, and red blood cell characteristics. Identifying the underlying cause helps guide appropriate treatment.

Treatment includes folic acid supplements, dietary improvements, and management of any contributing medical condition. Early diagnosis and treatment effectively correct anemia, restore healthy blood cell production, support normal body functions, and reduce the risk of pregnancy-related complications and long-term health problems.