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Vitamin B12 deficiency is a nutritional disorder that occurs when the body does not receive or absorb enough vitamin B12, an essential vitamin required for healthy red blood cell production, DNA synthesis, and proper nervous system function. Common causes include poor dietary intake, especially in strict vegetarians or vegans, pernicious anemia, gastrointestinal disorders, certain medications, and conditions affecting nutrient absorption.

Symptoms often develop gradually and may include persistent fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, dizziness, numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, difficulty walking, memory problems, mood changes, and a sore tongue. If left untreated, prolonged deficiency can lead to irreversible nerve damage and cognitive impairment.

Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure vitamin B12 levels, complete blood count, methylmalonic acid, and homocysteine levels. Additional investigations may identify the underlying cause of the deficiency.

Treatment depends on the severity and cause. It may include oral vitamin B12 supplements, dietary improvements, or vitamin B12 injections for individuals with poor absorption. Foods rich in vitamin B12 include meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, and fortified cereals.

Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment usually result in complete recovery of blood abnormalities and significant improvement in neurological symptoms, helping individuals regain energy, maintain healthy nerve function, and prevent long-term complications.