Iron Overload (Haemochromatosis)

Iron Overload, also known as Haemochromatosis, is a condition in which the body absorbs and stores more iron than it needs. Since the body has no natural way to eliminate excess iron efficiently, the surplus gradually accumulates in vital organs such as the liver, heart, pancreas, and joints. Over time, this iron buildup can damage tissues and interfere with normal organ function.

The most common form is hereditary haemochromatosis, caused by inherited genetic mutations that increase intestinal iron absorption. Secondary iron overload may occur due to repeated blood transfusions, chronic liver disease, or certain blood disorders such as thalassaemia. Early symptoms are often vague and include fatigue, weakness, joint pain, abdominal discomfort, and reduced energy levels. If left untreated, the condition may lead to liver cirrhosis, diabetes, heart rhythm abnormalities, arthritis, and hormonal disorders.

Diagnosis involves blood tests measuring serum ferritin and transferrin saturation, genetic testing, and sometimes liver imaging or biopsy to assess iron accumulation. The primary treatment is regular therapeutic phlebotomy (blood removal), which safely reduces iron stores. With early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and regular monitoring, most people with haemochromatosis can prevent serious complications and maintain long-term health.