Amyloidosis (AL)

Amyloidosis (AL), also known as light-chain amyloidosis, is a rare plasma cell disorder in which abnormal immunoglobulin light chains produced by the bone marrow misfold and form amyloid deposits. These deposits accumulate in vital organs such as the heart, kidneys, liver, nerves, and gastrointestinal tract, interfering with their normal function. The condition is often associated with plasma cell disorders like multiple myeloma or monoclonal gammopathy.

Symptoms vary depending on the organs involved and may include fatigue, swelling of the legs, unexplained weight loss, shortness of breath, numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, enlarged tongue, and protein loss in the urine. Because the symptoms are often nonspecific, diagnosis can be delayed. Confirmation typically involves blood and urine tests, imaging studies, bone marrow examination, and tissue biopsy demonstrating amyloid deposits.

Treatment aims to reduce the production of abnormal light chains using therapies similar to those used for multiple myeloma, including chemotherapy, targeted medications, and, in selected patients, autologous stem cell transplantation. Supportive care is essential to manage organ-related complications. Early diagnosis and timely treatment significantly improve outcomes, helping preserve organ function and enhance quality of life for individuals living with AL amyloidosis.