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Myelodysplastic Syndrome(MDS) is a group of disorders in which the bone marrow fails to produce healthy and fully developed blood cells. As a result, patients may have low numbers of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, or a combination of all three. The condition primarily affects older adults, although it can occur at any age. In many cases, the exact cause remains unknown, while previous chemotherapy, radiation exposure, certain chemicals, or genetic abnormalities may increase the risk.

Common symptoms include persistent fatigue, weakness, pale skin, frequent infections, unexplained bruising, prolonged bleeding, and shortness of breath. Some people have no noticeable symptoms and are diagnosed during routine blood tests. Diagnosis involves complete blood counts, peripheral blood smear examination, bone marrow biopsy, cytogenetic analysis, and molecular testing to determine the subtype and severity.

Treatment depends on the patient's age, overall health, risk category, and symptoms. Options include supportive blood transfusions, growth factor therapy, immunosuppressive medications, targeted therapies, chemotherapy, and stem cell transplantation for eligible patients. Regular follow-up is essential because some cases may progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Early diagnosis and individualized treatment can improve quality of life, reduce complications, and help manage the disease more effectively over time.