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Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune illness in which the body's immune system wrongly creates antibodies that raise the risk of abnormal blood clot development in arteries and veins. These clots can cause major consequences, such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, stroke, or heart attack. It is also an important cause of recurrent pregnancy loss, stillbirth, preterm delivery, and pregnancy-associated problems. It may be isolated (primary APS) or associated with other autoimmune illnesses, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Issues vary depending on where the clot is located and may include leg discomfort and swelling, chest pain, shortness of breath, neurological issues, or pregnancy loss. Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical history and blood tests to detect antiphospholipid antibodies, including lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, and anti-beta-2 glycoprotein I antibodies.
These antibodies may be transient; therefore, additional testing is usually necessary after at least 12 weeks to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment aims to prevent blood clots with anticoagulant drugs such as warfarin or heparin. Pregnant women are commonly given low-dose aspirin and heparin to improve pregnancy outcomes. Lifestyle changes, smoking cessation, control of cardiovascular disease risk factors, and frequent medical follow-up can decrease problems and enhance long-term health. With the right treatment, many people with APS can live busy and healthy lives.