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Bleeding disorders are a group of medical conditions that affect the body's ability to form blood clots properly, resulting in excessive or prolonged bleeding. These disorders may be inherited, such as haemophilia and von Willebrand disease, or acquired due to liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, certain medications, or autoimmune conditions. The severity of symptoms varies depending on the underlying cause and the level of clotting factor deficiency.

Common symptoms include frequent nosebleeds, easy bruising, prolonged bleeding from minor cuts, heavy menstrual bleeding, bleeding gums, blood in urine or stools, and excessive bleeding after surgery or dental procedures. In severe cases, spontaneous bleeding into joints, muscles, or internal organs can occur, leading to pain, swelling, and long-term complications if left untreated.

Diagnosis involves a detailed medical history, physical examination, complete blood count (CBC), coagulation profile, platelet function tests, and specialised clotting factor assays. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective management.

Treatment depends on the specific disorder and may include clotting factor replacement therapy, desmopressin, antifibrinolytic medications, vitamin K supplementation, platelet transfusions, or treatment of the underlying condition. With timely diagnosis, appropriate medical care, and regular monitoring, many individuals with bleeding disorders can lead healthy, active, and productive lives.