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Myeloproliferative Neoplasms(MPNs) are a group of chronic blood cancers in which the bone marrow produces excessive numbers of blood cells. Depending on the specific type, there may be an overproduction of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, or a combination of these. Common MPNs include polycythaemia vera, essential thrombocythaemia, and primary myelofibrosis. These disorders often develop gradually and are frequently associated with genetic mutations, such as changes in the JAK2, CALR, or MPL genes.

Symptoms vary according to the subtype but may include fatigue, headaches, dizziness, night sweats, unexplained weight loss, itching after bathing, abdominal discomfort due to an enlarged spleen, easy bruising, or blood clot formation. Some individuals remain symptom-free and are diagnosed during routine blood testing.

Diagnosis involves a complete blood count (CBC), blood smear examination, bone marrow biopsy, genetic mutation analysis, and imaging studies when necessary. Treatment focuses on controlling blood cell production, preventing complications, and improving quality of life. Options may include low-dose aspirin, therapeutic phlebotomy, cytoreductive medications, targeted JAK inhibitors, and supportive care. Stem cell transplantation may be considered for selected high-risk patients.

Regular follow-up with a haematologist, early intervention, and personalised treatment strategies help reduce complications, slow disease progression, and support long-term health outcomes.