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Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) marrow creates abnormal or immature cells that die before entering the bloodstream, resulting in low red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. MDS primarily affects older adults, although it can occur at any age. In some cases, it develops after chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or prolonged exposure to certain chemicals.

Common symptoms include persistent fatigue, weakness, pale skin, frequent infections, easy bruising, nosebleeds, and prolonged bleeding from minor injuries. Some individuals may not experience noticeable symptoms initially, and the condition is discovered during routine blood tests.

Diagnosis involves complete blood count (CBC), peripheral blood smear, bone marrow aspiration, biopsy, cytogenetic analysis, and molecular testing to determine the subtype and severity. Treatment depends on the patient's age, overall health, risk category, and blood counts. Management options include blood transfusions, growth factor injections, iron chelation therapy, immunosuppressive medications, targeted therapies, hypomethylating agents, and stem cell transplantation for eligible patients.

Regular monitoring and timely treatment help manage symptoms, reduce complications, improve quality of life, and delay disease progression. Early diagnosis and specialised haematology care play a vital role in achieving better long-term outcomes.