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Sickle Cell Anaemia is a hereditary blood disorder caused by a mutation in the HBB gene, which produces abnormal haemoglobin known as haemoglobin S (HbS). Under low-oxygen conditions, red blood cells become rigid, sticky, and crescent- or sickle-shaped instead of their normal round form. These abnormal cells break down more quickly, leading to chronic haemolytic anaemia, and can block small blood vessels, reducing oxygen supply to tissues and organs.

Common symptoms include persistent fatigue, weakness, pale skin, jaundice, delayed growth in children, swelling of the hands and feet, frequent infections, and episodes of severe pain called sickle cell crises. Repeated blockage of blood flow may damage organs such as the lungs, kidneys, spleen, heart, and brain, increasing the risk of stroke and other serious complications.

Diagnosis is confirmed through blood tests, haemoglobin electrophoresis, newborn screening, and genetic testing. Treatment focuses on preventing complications and improving quality of life. Management may include pain relief, adequate hydration, folic acid supplementation, antibiotics, vaccinations, blood transfusions, and medications such as hydroxyurea to reduce painful episodes. Regular medical follow-up, early diagnosis, and comprehensive care help individuals with Sickle Cell Anaemia lead healthier and longer lives.