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Aplastic Anaemia is an uncommon but deadly disease in which the bone marrow stops making enough red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It occurs when the stem cells in the bone marrow are destroyed. This results in a marked decrease in the production of all types of blood cells. This makes it harder for the body to carry oxygen, combat infections, and regulate bleeding.

This syndrome can be caused by autoimmune disorders, exposure to hazardous chemicals, certain drugs, radiation therapy, viral infections, or inherited genetic abnormalities. However, in many cases the reason is unknown (idiopathic aplastic anaemia).

Symptoms include weariness, weakness, pale complexion, shortness of breath, frequent infections, fever, easy bruising, prolonged bleeding, nosebleeds, and little red or purple spots on the skin, known as petechiae. Diagnosis usually needs a complete blood count(CBC), reticulocyte count, bone marrow biopsy, and other laboratory studies to assess for underlying reasons.

Treatment is based on disease severity and can involve blood transfusions, immunosuppressive medicine, antibiotics for infections, growth factor therapies, or bone marrow (stem cell) transplantation, which provides the best chance of a long-term cure in eligible individuals.

Early diagnosis and effective treatment considerably increase survival, reduce complications and assist patients to achieve a higher quality of life.