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Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anaemia is a condition in which the body lacks sufficient vitamin B12 to produce healthy red blood cells. Vitamin B12 plays a vital role in DNA synthesis, red blood cell formation, and proper nerve function. A deficiency results in the production of large, immature red blood cells that cannot effectively carry oxygen throughout the body, leading to anaemia and neurological complications.

Common causes include inadequate dietary intake, especially in strict vegetarians and vegans, pernicious anaemia, gastrointestinal disorders such as Crohn's disease or celiac disease, stomach surgery, and poor absorption of nutrients. Symptoms often develop gradually and may include persistent fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, dizziness, numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, balance problems, memory difficulties, and a sore, smooth tongue.

Diagnosis is confirmed through blood tests that measure haemoglobin, vitamin B12 levels, and red blood cell size, along with additional investigations when required. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and typically involves vitamin B12 injections or high-dose oral supplements, dietary improvements, and management of absorption disorders. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment can reverse anaemia, prevent permanent nerve damage, improve energy levels, and restore overall health.