Parasomnias

Parasomnias are a group of sleep disorders that involve unusual movements, behaviors, emotions, or experiences occurring while falling asleep, during sleep, or when waking up. They are relatively common in children and often result from incomplete transitions between different stages of sleep. Common childhood parasomnias include sleepwalking, night terrors, sleep talking, nightmares, and confusional arousals. Most episodes are harmless and tend to decrease as children grow older.

Children experiencing parasomnias may sit up in bed, walk around, talk, scream, appear frightened, or perform simple activities while remaining partially asleep. They are often unaware of their actions and usually have little or no memory of the event after waking. Triggers may include sleep deprivation, stress, fever, irregular sleep schedules, certain medications, or a family history of sleep disorders.

Parents should ensure a safe sleeping environment by removing potential hazards, securing doors and windows, and maintaining regular bedtime routines to promote healthy sleep. It is generally best to guide a child gently back to bed rather than waking them abruptly during an episode. Medical evaluation is recommended if parasomnias occur frequently, cause injuries, significantly disrupt sleep, or continue into adolescence. Early assessment and appropriate management help improve sleep quality, enhance safety, reduce nighttime disturbances, and support healthy physical, emotional, and cognitive development in children.