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Ischemic heart disease occurs when the coronary arteries cannot supply enough oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle, usually because of atherosclerosis and plaque formation. This reduced blood flow can lead to angina, fatigue, breathlessness, and in severe cases, a heart attack. Common risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, obesity, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and stress. Some people may experience silent ischemia, where the heart is affected without obvious warning signs.

Diagnosis is usually based on symptoms, medical history, ECG, blood tests, stress testing, and imaging studies to assess blood flow and heart damage. Treatment focuses on improving blood flow, reducing symptoms, and preventing complications. This may include lifestyle changes, medicines to control blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes, and in some cases, procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery. Early recognition and consistent treatment are important because ischemic heart disease can progress silently and increase the risk of serious cardiac events.