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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is one of the most common heart conditions and occurs when the coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of fatty deposits known as plaque. These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle, and reduced blood flow can limit the heart's ability to function efficiently. CAD often develops gradually over many years and may remain unnoticed until symptoms become severe.

Common symptoms include chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness, and discomfort in the arms, neck, jaw, or back. In some individuals, the first sign of CAD may be a heart attack. Major risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthy eating habits, excessive stress, and a family history of heart disease.

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), stress testing, echocardiography, CT coronary angiography, or cardiac catheterization. Treatment focuses on restoring healthy blood flow, preventing complications, and improving heart function. Lifestyle modifications such as a heart-healthy diet, regular exercise, smoking cessation, and weight management are essential. Medications may include cholesterol-lowering drugs, blood thinners, and blood pressure medications. In advanced cases, angioplasty with stent placement or coronary artery bypass surgery may be recommended to improve circulation and reduce the risk of future cardiac events.