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Aortic dissection is a significant cardiovascular emergency. It happens when a rip occurs in the inner layer of the aorta, and blood flows between the layers of the artery wall. This generates a false channel that can interfere with regular blood flow and weaken the aorta, increasing the risk of rupture or decreased blood supply to essential organs. Without quick medical intervention, aortic dissection can be lethal within hours.

The syndrome is most typically associated with uncontrolled high blood pressure, connective tissue disorders, congenital heart defects, trauma, and pre-existing aortic aneurysms. Older men, especially those over 60, are at greatest risk, but younger people with genetic problems may also have it.

Symptoms usually begin suddenly. They include intense chest discomfort or pain in the upper back, sometimes characterized as tearing or ripping. Some people may faint, have difficulty breathing, have stroke-like symptoms, or have decreased blood supply to the extremities.

The diagnosis is confirmed by advanced imaging investigations such as CT angiography, MRI, or transesophageal echocardiography. Dissection location and severity determine treatment. Some cases require immediate surgery, but others are treated with drugs to quickly regulate blood pressure and heart rate. Early diagnosis, proper medical treatment, and long-term follow-up are critical to increasing survival and preventing future aortic problems.