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A thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) is an abnormal enlargement or weakening of the aorta within the chest. As the body's largest artery, the aorta carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body. When a section of the thoracic aorta becomes weakened, it can gradually expand, increasing the risk of rupture or dissection, both of which are life-threatening emergencies. Many thoracic aortic aneurysms develop without noticeable symptoms and are often discovered during imaging tests performed for other medical conditions.

Common risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, aging, genetic connective tissue disorders, atherosclerosis, and a family history of aortic disease. Larger aneurysms may cause chest pain, back pain, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, or shortness of breath due to pressure on nearby structures.

Diagnosis typically involves imaging techniques such as echocardiography, CT angiography, or MRI to determine the aneurysm's size and location. Treatment depends on the aneurysm's diameter, growth rate, and overall patient health. Small aneurysms are usually managed with regular monitoring, blood pressure control, and healthy lifestyle modifications, while larger or rapidly growing aneurysms may require surgical repair or minimally invasive endovascular treatment. Early detection and ongoing medical care significantly improve outcomes and reduce serious complications.