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Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a complex congenital heart defect present at birth that affects normal blood circulation between the heart and lungs. It consists of four structural abnormalities: a ventricular septal defect (a hole between the lower heart chambers), pulmonary valve narrowing, an overriding aorta, and thickening of the right ventricular muscle. These combined defects reduce oxygen-rich blood reaching the body, leading to cyanosis, a bluish discoloration of the skin and lips.

Common symptoms include difficulty feeding, poor weight gain, rapid breathing, fatigue during activity, clubbing of fingers, and sudden episodes of severe cyanosis known as "Tet spells." TOF is usually diagnosed through physical examination, echocardiography, electrocardiogram (ECG), chest X-ray, and advanced cardiac imaging when necessary.

Definitive treatment involves open-heart surgery, typically performed during infancy, to close the ventricular septal defect and relieve the obstruction to blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs. Most children experience significant improvement after surgery and can lead active, healthy lives with appropriate medical care.

Regular follow-up with a pediatric and adult congenital heart specialist is essential to monitor heart function, valve performance, and potential long-term complications. Early diagnosis, expert surgical management, and lifelong cardiac surveillance greatly improve survival, quality of life, and overall outcomes for individuals with Tetralogy of Fallot.