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Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a condition in which the heart muscle, particularly the wall of the left ventricle, becomes abnormally thick. This thickening makes it harder for the heart to relax and pump blood efficiently. HCM is commonly inherited and can affect people of all ages, although symptoms often appear during adolescence or adulthood. Some individuals remain symptom-free, while others develop significant cardiovascular complications.

Common symptoms include shortness of breath during physical activity, chest pain, dizziness, fainting, palpitations, and fatigue. In severe cases, the thickened heart muscle can obstruct blood flow leaving the heart, increasing the risk of heart failure or life-threatening arrhythmias. Diagnosis involves a detailed medical history, physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, cardiac MRI, Holter monitoring, exercise testing, and genetic evaluation when appropriate.

Treatment aims to relieve symptoms, improve heart function, and reduce the risk of sudden cardiac events. Medications such as beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and antiarrhythmic drugs are frequently prescribed. Some patients may require septal reduction therapy, surgical myectomy, alcohol septal ablation, or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). Regular follow-up, avoiding excessive strenuous activity when advised, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and family screening are essential components of long-term management. Early diagnosis and individualized treatment significantly improve outcomes and quality of life.