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Pericardial diseases are a group of conditions affecting the pericardium, the thin, double-layered sac that surrounds and protects the heart. The pericardium helps reduce friction during heartbeats and provides structural support. When this protective covering becomes inflamed, infected, scarred, or filled with excess fluid, it can interfere with normal heart function. Common pericardial disorders include acute pericarditis, recurrent pericarditis, pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, and constrictive pericarditis.

Symptoms vary depending on the condition but often include sharp chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, palpitations, and swelling of the legs or abdomen. Causes may include viral or bacterial infections, autoimmune diseases, kidney failure, cancer, chest injury, heart surgery, or radiation therapy. In some cases, no specific cause is identified.

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, chest X-ray, blood tests, CT scan, or MRI to evaluate the pericardium and detect fluid accumulation. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity. Anti-inflammatory medications, colchicine, antibiotics, corticosteroids, or drainage procedures may be required. Severe cases, such as constrictive pericarditis, may need surgical removal of the pericardium. Early diagnosis and appropriate management help prevent complications and improve long-term heart health.