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Acute aortic dissection is a life-threatening cardiovascular emergency that occurs when a tear develops in the inner layer of the aorta, the body's largest artery. Blood enters the tear and separates the layers of the aortic wall, creating a false channel that can reduce blood flow to vital organs or cause the aorta to rupture. This condition develops suddenly and requires immediate medical attention.

The most common symptom is severe, sudden chest pain described as tearing or ripping, often spreading to the back, neck, or abdomen. Additional symptoms may include shortness of breath, fainting, weak pulse, stroke-like signs, or low blood pressure. Risk factors include uncontrolled high blood pressure, connective tissue disorders, aortic aneurysm, advancing age, smoking, and previous heart surgery.

Diagnosis is confirmed using imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) angiography, transesophageal echocardiography, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment depends on the location of the dissection. Type A dissections usually require emergency surgery, while selected Type B cases may be managed with blood pressure-lowering medications and, when necessary, endovascular repair.

Early diagnosis, rapid blood pressure control, prompt surgical intervention when indicated, and long-term cardiovascular monitoring significantly improve survival and reduce the risk of recurrent aortic complications.