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Pericardial effusion after surgery is the buildup of excess fluid within the pericardial sac surrounding the heart following a cardiac surgical procedure. It commonly develops after coronary artery bypass grafting, valve replacement, or other open-heart surgeries due to inflammation, bleeding, or the body's healing response. Small effusions often resolve naturally, while larger collections may compress the heart and interfere with normal pumping function.

Symptoms vary depending on the amount and rate of fluid accumulation. Patients may experience chest discomfort, shortness of breath, fatigue, rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, or swelling of the neck veins. In severe cases, the condition can progress to cardiac tamponade, a medical emergency that requires immediate intervention.

Diagnosis typically includes physical examination, echocardiography, electrocardiography, chest X-rays, and blood tests to evaluate inflammation or infection. Echocardiography remains the most effective tool for determining the size of the effusion and its impact on heart function.

Treatment depends on the severity of the condition. Mild cases may only require observation and anti-inflammatory medications, while larger or symptomatic effusions may need pericardiocentesis or surgical drainage. Regular follow-up, early detection, and prompt management help prevent complications, support healing, and ensure a safe recovery after cardiac surgery.