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Thoracic Outlet Syndrome(TOS) is a condition caused by compression of the nerves, arteries, or veins that pass through the thoracic outlet, the narrow space between the collarbone and the first rib. Depending on the structure affected, TOS is classified as neurogenic, venous, or arterial. Neurogenic TOS is the most common type and primarily affects the brachial plexus nerves, causing pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in the shoulder, arm, and hand. Venous and arterial forms may result in swelling, discoloration, coldness, reduced pulses, or blood clot formation.

The condition can develop due to repetitive overhead movements, poor posture, traumatic injuries, anatomical abnormalities such as a cervical rib, or muscle enlargement from strenuous activities. Diagnosis includes a detailed medical history, physical examination, imaging studies, nerve conduction tests, and vascular assessments when blood vessels are involved.

Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity. Most patients benefit from physical therapy focused on improving posture, strengthening shoulder muscles, and increasing flexibility. Pain-relieving medications and anti-inflammatory drugs may help manage symptoms. When significant nerve compression, vascular injury, or persistent symptoms occur despite conservative treatment, surgical decompression may be recommended to relieve pressure on the affected structures. Early diagnosis and appropriate management often improve function, reduce pain, and prevent long-term neurological or vascular complications.