Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)

Peripheral Arterial Disease(PAD) is a circulatory disorder caused by the narrowing or blockage of arteries that supply blood to the legs, feet, and occasionally the arms. The condition most commonly develops because of atherosclerosis, where fatty deposits accumulate inside artery walls, reducing blood flow. Individuals with PAD may experience leg pain while walking (claudication), numbness, weakness, slow-healing wounds, cold extremities, or skin discoloration. In advanced cases, critical limb ischemia can occur, increasing the risk of tissue damage, infection, and amputation.

Major risk factors include smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, advancing age, and a family history of cardiovascular disease. Early diagnosis involves a physical examination, ankle-brachial index (ABI) testing, Doppler ultrasound, CT angiography, or MR angiography to evaluate arterial circulation.

Treatment focuses on improving blood flow and preventing disease progression. Lifestyle modifications such as smoking cessation, regular supervised exercise, a heart-healthy diet, and weight management are essential. Medications may be prescribed to control cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar, and reduce blood clot formation. Severe arterial blockages may require minimally invasive angioplasty with stent placement or surgical bypass procedures. With timely treatment and consistent risk-factor management, many people with PAD maintain mobility, reduce complications, and improve their overall cardiovascular health.