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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a chronic digestive condition in which stomach acid or partially digested food flows back into the esophagus. This backflow, called acid reflux, occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter does not close properly. Frequent reflux irritates the esophageal lining and may lead to inflammation or damage over time.

Common symptoms include persistent heartburn, a sour or bitter taste in the mouth, chest discomfort, regurgitation, bloating, and difficulty swallowing. Some people also experience chronic cough, hoarseness, sore throat, or worsening asthma symptoms, especially at night.

GERD is often triggered by certain foods and lifestyle habits, including spicy or fatty meals, caffeine, alcohol, smoking, obesity, large meals, and lying down soon after eating. Pregnancy and certain medications can also contribute to reflux.

Diagnosis may involve a medical history review, physical examination, endoscopy, pH monitoring, or imaging tests. Treatment focuses on reducing acid exposure and improving lifestyle habits. Doctors commonly recommend weight management, smaller meals, avoiding trigger foods, elevating the head during sleep, and not lying down after eating. Medications such as antacids, H2 blockers, and proton pump inhibitors can relieve symptoms and promote healing. Untreated GERD may lead to complications like esophagitis, strictures, or Barrett’s esophagus.