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Physical deconditioning refers to the progressive decline in physical function resulting from prolonged inactivity, sedentary behavior, or extended bed rest. This complex physiological process affects multiple organ systems, leading to functional losses in movement, mental status, continence, and the ability to perform daily activities.

The most critical feature is decreased muscle strength and bulk. Muscles can lose 25–30% of their cross-sectional area within one month of immobilization. Cardiac musculature also undergoes atrophy, reducing heart size, strength, and endurance. Ligaments and tendons lose one-third of their strength after just eight weeks.

Additional effects include joint degeneration due to ceased synovial fluid circulation, increased bone brittleness from accelerated resorption (beginning within 30 hours), thicker blood increasing clot risk, constipation, reduced lung capacity, hormonal imbalances, sleep disturbances, and altered mood. Cardiovascular fitness declines as the heart loses blood-handling capacity by up to 5% in 24 hours. Muscle strength decreases 1–3% daily in non-athletes, with 50% loss possible in three weeks of complete immobilization.

Physical deconditioning affects patients of all ages, particularly elderly and infirm individuals. It's reversible through gradual reconditioning with physical therapy and controlled exercise programs. Early intervention prevents the cascading negative effects on overall health and functional independence.